Indications for the Procedure
- Symptoms indicating surgery: A hemorrhagic presentation, cardiac failure and/or presence of cortical venous drainage with venous hypertension.
Preoperative Orders
- Standard preparation for surgery: Blood type and cross, complete set of labs (CBC, BMP, and coagulation studies), as well as adequate intravenous hydration must be achieved prior to treatment.
- Antiepileptic drugs: If seizures are present, use of antiepileptic drug is advised.
- Blood products: Fresh frozen plasma, platelets and concentrated prothrombin complex need to be reserved and readily available in case of major bleeding.
Anesthetic Considerations
- Blood Loss: Blood volume loss can be a major concern. Make sure your anesthesiologist is prepared should major bleeding occur.
- Fluid overload: Fluid overload can also be a concern in patients with cardiac failure. The recommended contrast dose for interventional procedures should be kept to approximately 4 mL/kg.
Devices to be Implanted
- Aneurysm clips: In order to disconnect the fistula, permanent aneurysm clips may be used.
- Meshes: In cases of large bony defects after skeletonization, absorbable and non-absorbable meshes may be used along with bone substitutes.
- Dural substitutes: In cases of a large dural defect after resection, dural substitutes may be used.
Ancillary/Specialized Equipment
- Operative microscope: An operative microscope should be ready before the dura is opened.
- Stereotactic equipped microscope: An stereotactic, computer assisted guidance equipped microscope might be used to acquire additional information regarding the DAVF angioarchitecture, and might help in assessing the fistula disconnection.
- Intraoperative angiogram: An intraoperative digital subtraction angiogram might be used to confirm complete obliteration after surgery. The groin should be prepped and draped before the case is started.
- Intraoperative Doppler: Intraoperative Doppler can also assist with detection of residual flow in the fistula.